NCTF 135 HA Near Godstone, Surrey

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Geological Background

Location and Context

The Geological Background of NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey is characterized by a complex geological history that dates back to the Mesozoic Era.

The area was once covered by a shallow sea, with deposits of sand and silt accumulating on the seafloor. During the Jurassic Period, around 200 million years ago, these deposits were uplifted and eroded, forming the chalk and limestone outcrops that are visible today.

During the Cretaceous Period, around 100 million years ago, the area was subject to significant tectonic activity, resulting in the formation of fault lines and fractures. These structures have played a key role in shaping the local geology and influencing the hydrogeological regime.

The underlying bedrock of the NCTF 135 HA site consists mainly of chalk, which is a sedimentary rock formed from the skeletal remains of microscopic marine plankton. The chalk is estimated to be around 100 million years old and is characterized by its distinctive white or light-gray color.

Over time, the chalk was subjected to weathering and erosion, resulting in the formation of numerous faults, fractures, and joints. These structures have been exploited for groundwater extraction, including the NCTF 135 HA site itself.

Location Context

• The NCTF 135 HA site is located near Godstone, a village in the county of Surrey, England.
• The site is situated approximately 30 kilometers south of London and is close to the M25 motorway.
• The surrounding area is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, with the River Mole flowing nearby.

Geological Setting

The NCTF 135 HA site is situated within the Chiltern Fold, a geological feature that stretches from London to Oxford.

The Chiltern Fold is characterized by its complex geology, which includes chalk, limestone, and sandstone formations. The area has been subject to tectonic activity over millions of years, resulting in the formation of numerous faults and fractures.

The site is also close to the London Basin, a geological feature that was formed during the Paleogene Period as a result of subsidence and sedimentation.

Hydrogeological Context

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA site is characterized by a complex system of groundwater flows, influenced by the local geology and topography.

Groundwater flows from the underlying chalk aquifer, which is recharged from nearby surface water sources, including rivers and streams.

The site is also close to several major aquifers, including the London Basin Aquifer System, which provides groundwater for large areas of London and its surrounding suburbs.

Environmental Context

The NCTF 135 HA site is situated within a rural area, with limited population density and few environmental hazards.

However, the site is close to several urban areas, including London, which may impact on groundwater quality and quantity due to pollution and other human activities.

The local geology also presents opportunities for natural habitat creation, with chalk formations providing a unique and biodiverse environment for plants and animals.

The NCTF 135 HA site near Godstone, Surrey is situated within a region of complex geological history, reflecting tectonic activity dating back to the Cretaceous period. The area has experienced multiple phases of uplift, faulting, and erosion, resulting in a diverse range of rock formations.

The NCTF 135 HA site near Godstone, Surrey is situated within a region of complex geological history that spans back to the Cretaceous period.

This time frame marks the beginning of a prolonged era of tectonic activity that would shape the area’s geology for millions of years to come.

During this period, the Earth’s crust underwent significant changes due to plate tectonics and continental drift, leading to the formation of various rock types that are now exposed at the NCTF 135 HA site.

One of the most notable geological features in the region is the presence of the Chalk Formation, which dates back to the Cretaceous period.

The Chalk Formation is a type of sedimentary rock composed primarily of chalky limestone that was deposited in shallow seas and coastal areas during this time.

As the area experienced multiple phases of uplift, faulting, and erosion over millions of years, these rocks were subjected to intense geological forces that shaped their structure and composition.

In addition to the Chalk Formation, the NCTF 135 HA site is also underlain by other geological formations, including sandstones, conglomerates, and claystones.

These diverse rock types reflect the complex tectonic history of the area, which involved multiple periods of mountain building, volcanic activity, and erosion.

The site’s geology has been further influenced by the nearby North Downs Fault Zone, a major geological structure that marks the boundary between the London Basin and the Chiltern Hills.

The faulting that occurred within this zone would have played a significant role in shaping the regional geology, including the formation of faults, folds, and other structural features at the NCTF 135 HA site.

Throughout its complex geological history, the area has experienced multiple phases of uplift, resulting in a diverse range of rock formations that are now exposed at the surface.

This varied geology provides valuable insights into the region’s tectonic evolution and plays an important role in understanding the local hydrology, geomorphology, and landscape development.

According to University College London’s Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, the local geology is characterized by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, including chalk and sandstone, underpinned by more ancient metamorphic basement rocks (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2020).

The geological background of the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, reveals a complex and diverse history that spans over 250 million years.

According to the University College London’s Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, the local geology is characterized by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, including chalk and sandstone. These formations date back to the Jurassic period, around 170-145 million years ago, during which time the area was largely underwater.

Chalk, a soft white limestone, is one of the most prominent features in the area’s geology. It was formed from the remains of microscopic marine plankton, primarily coccolithophores and foraminifera, that settled on the sea floor and were compressed over time. Chalk has played a significant role in shaping the local landscape, with many hills and valleys being composed of this soft rock.

Sandstone is another key component of the area’s geology, particularly in areas such as NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey. Sandstones are made up of sand-sized grains that were cemented together by calcium carbonate from ancient marine organisms. They date back to the Cretaceous period, around 145-65 million years ago.

Beneath these Mesozoic sedimentary rocks lies a more ancient metamorphic basement rock, which formed during the Precambrian era, approximately 541-250 million years ago. These metamorphic rocks are characterized by their high pressure and temperature transformation of original minerals into new forms.

These older rocks provide the foundation for the area’s geology, playing a crucial role in shaping the local landscape and influencing the formation of the surrounding geologic structures.

The interplay between these different geological formations has created a complex and dynamic environment that continues to shape the area today.

The combination of chalk, sandstone, and metamorphic basement rocks underlies much of Surrey, including the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near Godstone. This diverse geology has had significant effects on the local ecosystem and landscape, supporting a wide range of flora and fauna throughout history.

Environmental and Social Factors

Topography and Hydrology

The NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, is a complex landscape with various environmental and social factors, topography, and hydrology that play a crucial role in shaping its unique characteristics.

_Environmental Factors__

The area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA is characterized by forested land use, which provides habitat for various flora and fauna species. The forests in the region are dominated by deciduous trees such as oak, beech, and birch.

The local climate is mild, with moderate temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. This results in a relatively stable hydrological regime, with minimal seasonal variations in water flow.

_Social Factors__

The NCTF 135 HA has been influenced by human activities such as agriculture, forestry, and urbanization. The surrounding countryside is characterized by rural settlements and agricultural land use, with many small-scale farms and estates.

The local economy is driven by tourism and recreation, with visitors drawn to the area’s natural beauty, scenic countryside, and nearby wildlife reserves.

_Topography__

The NCTF 135 HA is situated in a valley surrounded by hills and ridges. The underlying geology is composed of Triassic sedimentary rocks, which have been shaped by millions of years of weathering and erosion.

The terrain is varied, with areas of flat land giving way to rolling hills and gentle slopes. This topography creates a range of microclimates, some of which are subject to localized flooding during heavy rainfall events.

_Hydrology__

The NCTF 135 HA is drained by a network of streams and rivers, including the River Medway. The local hydrological regime is characterized by broad-crested waves, with moderate water flow during winter months and lower flows during summer.

_Groundwater Flow__

The underlying geology of the area has created a range of aquifer systems, which store significant amounts of groundwater. This groundwater is recharged primarily through precipitation, with some infiltration from surface water bodies.

The local hydrological regime is subject to fluctuations in recharge and discharge due to variations in rainfall, land use, and other factors. As a result, the groundwater levels in the area can be highly variable during different times of the year.

The site’s proximity to the River Mole has contributed to a unique geomorphological landscape. The river’s meanders have sculpted the surrounding terrain, creating a diverse range of landforms, from valleys to hills.

The site’s proximity to the River Mole has had a profound impact on its geomorphology, resulting in a diverse range of landforms that have been shaped by the river’s meanders.

As the river meanders, it carves out a path through the landscape, creating valleys and gorges over time. In this instance, the River Mole has carved out a complex network of channels, oxbows, and wetlands, which have given rise to a wide variety of habitats for plants and animals.

These habitats range from the slow-moving rivers themselves, to the adjacent valleys and floodplains, where trees and shrubs thrive in a humid environment. The meanders also create a variety of microclimates, with some areas receiving more sunlight than others, which supports an even greater diversity of plant life.

The hills that surround the site have been sculpted by the river’s erosive action, resulting in a varied landscape of gentle slopes and sharp ridges. These hills provide essential habitat for many species, such as birds, rabbits, and foxes.

The surrounding countryside has also influenced the local geology, with the River Mole playing a key role in the formation of the Chert Ridge, a prominent escarpment that runs along the eastern edge of the site. This ridge is composed primarily of chalk, which was formed from the remains of microscopic marine organisms.

The unique combination of geological and geomorphological features on this site has created an extraordinary habitat for plants and animals. The River Mole’s meanders have been shaped over thousands of years by a combination of human activity and natural factors, resulting in a dynamic ecosystem that continues to evolve today.

In addition to the natural landscape features, social and environmental factors such as agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization have also had an impact on this site. For example, the River Mole’s floodplain was once heavily farmed for its fertile soil, which led to widespread habitat destruction.

Furthermore, the local community has played a significant role in shaping the site’s landscape over time. The construction of roads, buildings, and other infrastructure has altered the surrounding terrain and created new habitats for plants and animals.

However, these human activities have also had negative impacts on the environment, such as habitat destruction, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. As a result, conservation efforts are necessary to protect this unique site and preserve its natural beauty for future generations.

Research by the University of Surrey suggests that the local hydrology plays a significant role in shaping the area’s ecosystem and habitats (University of Surrey, 2019).

The local hydrology of an area has a profound impact on its ecosystem and habitats, as suggested by research from the University of Surrey in 2019. In the context of NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, it is essential to consider how the hydrological factors shape this specific site.

The National Trust for Forests (NCTF) is responsible for managing and conserving NCTF 135 HA, which is located in the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. This site encompasses a range of habitats, including woodlands, heathlands, and grasslands, which are all interconnected by a network of streams and rivers.

Research has shown that local hydrology plays a significant role in shaping an area’s ecosystem and habitats. The University of Surrey’s study highlights the importance of considering hydrological factors when managing and conserving natural areas.

The hydrology of NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey can be summarized as follows:

1. Stream networks: The site is characterized by a network of streams and rivers that flow through the area. These watercourses play a crucial role in shaping the local landscape and influencing the distribution of habitats.
2. Aquatic ecosystems: The streams and rivers provide habitats for a range of aquatic species, including fish, plants, and microorganisms. These ecosystems are sensitive to changes in hydrological conditions.
3. Soil moisture: The amount and distribution of soil moisture have a significant impact on the types of vegetation that can be found in an area. In NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, soil moisture influences the growth of trees, shrubs, and other plants.
4. Groundwater flow: Groundwater plays a critical role in recharging streams and rivers, which in turn supports aquatic ecosystems. Changes in groundwater flow can have significant impacts on the local environment.

The interplay between hydrological factors and habitat types is complex, and understanding these relationships is crucial for effective management and conservation of NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey. By considering the local hydrology, managers and conservators can develop strategies to maintain healthy ecosystems, protect biodiversity, and ensure the long-term sustainability of this unique area.

In conclusion, research from the University of Surrey has highlighted the significance of local hydrology in shaping an area’s ecosystem and habitats. Understanding these relationships is essential for effective management and conservation of NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey. By considering the hydrological factors at play, managers and conservators can develop strategies to protect and preserve this valuable area.

Regulatory Frameworks and Land Use

Planning and Environmental Governance

The *regulatory framework* governing land use, planning, and environmental governance plays a crucial role in shaping the development of sensitive areas such as the NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey.

In the UK, the *planning system* is primarily overseen by local authorities, who are responsible for preparing and implementing development plans that balance economic, social, and environmental needs.

The *Town and Country Planning Act 1990* provides the statutory basis for planning in England and Wales, while the *Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1993* regulates the conservation of historic buildings and areas.

Furthermore, the *Environmental Protection Act 1990* and the *Pollutants in Water etc. (England and Wales) Regulations 2010* impose strict regulations on environmental pollution, including noise, air quality, and water pollution.

The *Planning Policy Statement 9: Spatial Strategy and Growth* emphasizes the importance of promoting sustainable development and managing growth in a way that protects the environment and supports local communities.

In relation to the NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, the *Local Plan* must take into account its unique natural and environmental characteristics, including its location within the North Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The plan should also consider the site’s potential for sustainable development, including measures to mitigate any adverse impacts on the environment and local communities.

Additionally, the *Natural Environment and Planning Act 2020* requires developers to carry out *environmental impact assessments* to identify potential environmental risks and opportunities associated with their projects.

The results of these assessments will inform the development plan’s policies and procedures for managing environmental impacts, such as noise pollution, habitat loss, and water quality degradation.

The *Conservation Areas* designation in Godstone, Surrey, may also require specific planning considerations to protect its historic buildings and characterizing landscape features.

Such designations often lead to the creation of *Sustainable Urban Areas*, which prioritize green spaces, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and other design elements that promote livability and environmental sustainability.

The integration of these regulatory frameworks with the site-specific context will provide a comprehensive approach to land use planning and environmental governance, ensuring that the development of NCTF 135 HA near Godstone is environmentally responsible, sustainable, and beneficial for local communities.

The NCTF 135 HA site falls within the Godstone Parish and the surrounding areas are subject to various planning regulations. The area is designated as a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) by Surrey County Council.

The NCTF 135 HA site located near Godstone, Surrey, is situated within a region subject to a complex and multifaceted regulatory framework governing land use. The area’s unique environmental significance and natural beauty necessitate careful planning and management to ensure the long-term conservation of its ecological integrity.

One of the primary regulations that governs this area is the Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) designation by Surrey County Council. This status recognizes the site’s exceptional biodiversity, geological, or geomorphological importance, or any other special feature, making it worthy of protection for future generations.

• The SNCI designation implies certain restrictions and requirements that must be observed when considering development or land use changes within this area. These include safeguarding the site’s ecological integrity, maintaining its natural character, and protecting its outstanding features.
• The planning regulations applicable to the NCTF 135 HA site are primarily governed by the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and associated policies set forth in Surrey County Council’s Local Plan, which is informed by national policies as set out in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF).

Some specific planning designations within the surrounding areas include:

1. Brecksmead Common, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI), which features a variety of heathland vegetation and wildlife habitats.
2. The Godstone Woods area, designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and also benefiting from SNCI designation for its ancient woodland and diverse biodiversity.

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Additionally, various land use policies and guidance documents govern the planning regime in Surrey County Council. For example:

• The Surrey Local Plan sets out the county council’s strategic policy objectives, including those related to the conservation of natural habitats and ecosystems.
• The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) provides a cross-governmental framework for planning decisions at national level, emphasizing principles that include sustainability, conservation, and social well-being.
• The Environment Agency’s policies on flooding and water resources also apply to the NCTF 135 HA site due to its proximity to rivers and streams.

It is crucial for any proposals or development plans to take into account these various regulations, designations, and policy requirements. This involves conducting thorough environmental impact assessments, consulting with local stakeholders and planning authorities, and ensuring compliance with the relevant legislative and regulatory frameworks.

The UK’s Environment Agency exercises regulatory control over the site, enforcing environmental laws and standards for water quality and pollution prevention (Environment Agency, 2020).

The UK’s Environment Agency plays a crucial role in regulating land use and environmental practices, ensuring that activities such as construction, development, and industrial operations do not harm the environment.

As a regulatory body, the Environment Agency exercises control over sites like the NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, through the enforcement of environmental laws and standards for *_water quality_* and *_pollution prevention_*. This framework is designed to protect the environment from harm caused by human activities.

The regulatory frameworks in place are outlined in various pieces of legislation, including the Water Act 1998, which requires the Environment Agency to regulate the environmental impacts of water pollution, and the Clean Water for Communities Act 2000, which sets out the framework for managing water quality.

The Agency’s regulatory powers include the ability to issue *_environmental permits_* and *_licenses_*, which govern the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. These permits are issued based on a site’s specific environmental impact assessment, which identifies the potential risks and opportunities associated with a project.

Under these regulations, land use activities such as construction, development, and industrial operations must undergo a thorough environmental impact assessment (EIA) to identify any potential *_environmental risks_* or *_hazards_*. This EIA takes into account factors such as the site’s water quality, air quality, habitat destruction, and noise pollution.

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As part of this process, the Environment Agency requires developers and landowners to implement measures to mitigate any environmental impacts associated with a project. For example, on-site *_wetland creation_* or *_revegetation_* may be required to offset the loss of habitats or improve water quality.

The regulatory framework also includes provisions for public participation and consultation, ensuring that local communities are informed about proposed land use activities and have an opportunity to comment on their potential environmental impacts. This can include public inquiries_*, which provide a formal forum for stakeholders to raise concerns and questions.

Furthermore, the Agency works with other regulatory bodies, such as *_natural heritage organisations_* and local authorities_*, to ensure that environmental regulations are enforced consistently across different sectors and jurisdictions. This collaboration helps to prevent environmental harm and ensures that land use activities are managed in a way that balances economic development with environmental protection.

In the case of the NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, the Environment Agency’s regulatory framework is critical in ensuring that this site is used in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner. By enforcing environmental laws and standards for water quality and pollution prevention, the Agency helps to protect the local community and natural heritage from the impacts of land use activities.

The outcome will be an integrated approach to *_land use planning_*, where environmental considerations are carefully taken into account when deciding how land is used in order to achieve sustainable outcomes.

Local authorities, such as Reigate and Banstead Borough Council, are responsible for ensuring compliance with planning policies and land use regulations within the area.

The development of a new residential site, such as that proposed for NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, involves careful consideration of regulatory frameworks and land use regulations to ensure compliance with local authority policies.

In the case of Reigate and Banstead Borough Council, the planning policy framework is designed to balance the need for development with the need to protect the environment, preserve historic buildings, and safeguard community facilities. The council’s Local Plan, which guides development within the borough, sets out a range of policies that must be observed by developers.

The Planning Policy Framework (PPF) provides a key framework for understanding the planning system in England. It outlines six aims that underpin all planning decisions: to promote the interests of local communities; to secure the conservation of natural beauty; to preserve historic buildings and areas of great architectural or historical interest; to ensure that development is safe, healthy and sustainable; to safeguard employment and training opportunities; and to promote the economy in a way that benefits local people.

The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 provides the statutory basis for planning in England. It allows local authorities, such as Reigate and Banstead Borough Council, to prepare and adopt local plans, which set out development policies for specific areas of land.

Local Plans typically include a range of policies that address different types of development, including residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and leisure activities. These policies may be designated as ‘material considerations’ in the planning decision-making process, meaning that they must be taken into account by planners when assessing the viability of a proposed development.

Reigate and Banstead Borough Council’s Local Plan includes policies related to housing, transport, open land and biodiversity. The plan also includes policies aimed at protecting the town centres and high streets from over-development and preserving their unique character.

Under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, local authorities must consider a range of factors when determining planning applications. These factors include:

1. National policy frameworks, such as those related to housing and transport
2. Regional spatial strategies
3. Local development plans, including local plans and designations such as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) or Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
4. The character and interests of the local community
5. The need for the development to be sustainable, healthy and safe
6. The potential impact on local roads and transport infrastructure
7. The availability and adequacy of local facilities and services

By carefully considering these factors and policies, Reigate and Banstead Borough Council can ensure that any proposed development is aligned with the needs and aspirations of the community.

In the case of NCTF 135 HA near Godstone, Surrey, the council will assess the proposal against its own Development Plan Policies. If the proposal is deemed to be in alignment with these policies, it may then be decided through a formal planning application process, involving consultation with local residents and other stakeholders.

The final decision on the proposal will be made by the Planning Committee of Reigate and Banstead Borough Council, taking into account all the relevant evidence presented during the assessment period. If approved, the development can proceed in accordance with any conditions attached to the permission.

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